Small Cell Lung Cancer treatment by stage

Typically, treatment for small cell lung carcinoma is dependent on what stage the cancer is at.

SCLC Stage	Optimal Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment	If not appropriate
Limited Stage	Platinum based chemotherapy (4–6 cycles) combined with thoracic radiotherapy concomitant with first or second cycle Prophylactic cranial irradiation for complete responders	Palliative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy
Extensive Stage	Combination chemotherapy (4–6 cycles) Prophylactic cranial irradiation for complete responders	Symptom control

Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes

Adenocarcinoma has a vary tumors, and some of histological subtypes are currently recognized:

1. Acinar adenocarcinoma
2. Papillary adenocarcinoma
3. Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma
4. Solid adenocarcinoma with mucin production

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma counts 40% of all lung cancer cases. Unlike small cell lung cancer and squamous cell lung cancer, which both tend to be more centrally located, adenocarcinoma usually is seen in peripheral lung tissue.  The peripheral location of adenocarcinoma in the lungs is due to the use of filters in cigarettes which prevent the larger particles from entering the lung. Generally, adenocarcinomas grow more slowly and form smaller masses than the other subtypes. However, they tend to form metastases widely at an early stage.

Adenocarcinoma also the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers and in people under age 45, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both men and women. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to the lung cancer treatment option.

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Types

There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer:

1. Squamous cell lung cancer
   It's counting for 25% of lung cancers, squamous cell lung carcinoma usually starts near a central bronchus. Squamous cell lung cancers often grow more slowly than other cancer types.
2. Adenocarcinoma
   It is counts for 40% of lung cancers. Adenocarcinoma usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have never smoked ("never-smokers"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.
   
   

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is less common compared with non-small cell lung cancer, it comprise 14-25% of all lung cancer. It characterized by small cells that multiply quickly and form large tumors that travel throughout the body. Almost all cases of SCLC are due to smoking.


Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) can distinguished from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by a rapid tumour doubling time and high growth fraction. Small cell lung cancer forms in the central airways in 80–90% of cases. At presentation up to 70% have already metastasized; most commonly to bone, liver, brain, bone marrow, retro-peritoneal lymph nodes, soft tissue and adrenals.

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer counts 75% of all lung cancer. Unlike small cell lung cancer, it grouped altogether because their prognosis and management are similar. There are three subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common of non-small cell lung cancer and counting 40% of all. Adenocarcinoma was previously known as the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both males and females. The reason for the increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma is not well understood, but may be related to changing patterns of smoking. Adenocarcinomas tend to be peripherally located, smaller and vary histological from well-differentiated tumours to solid masses with occasional mucin-producing glands and cells.

Asthma Classification

Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate.[6] Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic).

	Symptoms	Night Symptoms	%FEV1 of Predicted	FEV Variability
Intermittent	more than 1 per week	more than 2 per month	less than 80%	more than 20%
Mild persistent	less than 1 per week but more than 1 per day	less than 2 per month	less than 80%	20–30%
Moderate persistent	Daily	less than 1 per week	60–80%	less than 30%
Severe persistent	Daily	Frequent	more than 60%	less than 30%

Main Article: Lung Disease: Asthma

Other Pneumonia Types

There are other pneumonia types:

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  SARS is a highly contagious and deadly type of pneumonia which first occurred in 2002 after initial outbreaks in China. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, a previously unknown pathogen.
• Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
  BOOP is caused by inflammation of the small airways of the lungs. It is also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP).
• Eosinophilic pneumonia

Pneumonia Early Classification

Pneumonia can be classified into four main types due to anatomic and/or pathologic appearance of the lung, either its diagnosed by direct inspection at autopsy or by it's appearance under a microscope:

1. A lobar pneumonia is an infection that only involves a single lobe, or section, of a lung. Lobar pneumonia is often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (though Klebsiella pneumoniae is also possible.)
2. Multilobar pneumonia involves more than one lobe, and it often causes a more severe illness.
   

Pneumonia Types & Classification

Pneumonia types can be classified in several ways;

1. Early Classification Pneumonia
• Pathology classification
  Initial descriptions of pneumonia focused on the anatomic or pathologic appearance of the lung, either by direct inspection at autopsy or by its appearance under a microscope. 
• Microbiology classification
  This classification arose when pneumonia know is caused by microorganism.
• Radiology classification

Emphysema Types classification

Emphysema can be classified by its color (primary and secondary), but emphysema is commonly classified by its location.

Emphysema can be subdivided into panacinary and centroacinary (or panacinar and centriacinar, or centrilobular and panlobular).

• Panacinar emphysema (also called panlobular emphysema)
  This emphysema type is related to the destruction of alveoli, because of an inflammation or deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Panacinar emphysema commonly found in young adults who do not have chronic bronchitis. Panacinar emphysema occurs more commonly in the lower lobes, especially basal segments, and anterior margins of the lungs.

Acute Bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchitis classified into two categories:

Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that generally follows an upper respiratory tract infection. As a result of this viral (most common) or bacterial infection, the airways become inflamed and irritated.

Characterized by the development of a cough, with or without the production of sputum, mucus that is expectorated (coughed up) from the respiratory tract. Acute bronchitis often occurs during the course of an acute viral illness such as the common cold or influenza. Viruses cause about 90% of cases of acute bronchitis while bacteria account for less than 10%.

Lung Cancer Types

Lung cancer divides into two major types’ non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. This dividing is very important to get the prognosis of lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

From all lung cancer cases about 75% of them are non-small lung cancer. There are three subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common of non-small cell lung cancer and counting 40% of all. Adenocarcinoma was previously known as the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both males and females. The reason for the increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma is not well understood, but may be related to changing patterns of smoking. Adenocarcinomas tend to be peripherally located, smaller and vary histological from well-differentiated tumours to solid masses with occasional mucin-producing glands and cells.