Asbestos

One of Lung Cancer Cause as well as Mesothelioma Risk Factor

Asbestos have been used for a long time ago, even hundred years ago and it still used nowadays. Doesn’t matter what time asbestos use and for any reason, it also comes with the risk. The risk that asbestos have is very horrible, it comes with very dangerous disease. The diseases that asbestos can make due to a long time exposure are lung cancer, asbestosis, as well as the most dangerous among all is mesothelioma, this disease can be called asbestos cancer.

Lungs

Respiratory System

Our lung is a very important part of body that used for respiratory. Our lung, divides into two lobes and the right into three lobes. If we count the length of airways that our lung has, the lungs contain approximately 1500 miles or 2,400 km, and the total surface of lung is about 70 m square in adult. Our lungs indeed have a very wide surface.

Since its sucking air every time, the lung tends to get disease more easily than any other part of our body. But why lung based diseases always diagnose in late condition/stage? This question may questioned by many people.

Radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

In patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and who have no evidence of distant metastases, radiotherapy is recommended to loco-regional disease because it may be associated with a survival advantage compared with placebo.

It has been known for many years that ionizing radiation is capable of killing lung cancer cells and reducing tumour size. Radiotherapy usually become an option for non-small cell lung cancer treatment when patient incapable of undergoing surgery due to their own health condition, or in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and who have no evidence of distant metastases, radiotherapy is recommended to loco-regional disease because it may be associated with a survival advantage compared with placebo.

Lungcancer Treatment Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a lung cancer treatment management that primary used to treat small cell lung cancer, and chemotherapy often combined with radiation therapy, since lung surgery doesn’t seems has significant effect. Primary chemotherapy is also given in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

In non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy using drugs to destroy tumors, and is usually used along with surgery in lung cancer patients. Chemotherapy can make the tumor more manageable before surgery, or to destroy lingering cancer cells at the tumor site after surgery.

Lung Treatment Radiotherapy

In patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and who have no evidence of distant metastases, radiotherapy is recommended to loco-regional disease because it may be associated with a survival advantage compared with placebo.

Radiotherapy is a lung cancer treatment option for patients who are not eligible for surgery. When using radio therapy, doctor often combined together with chemotherapy to increase the cure rate result, and it is usually used in treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Radiotherapy works by using a high intensity is called radical radiotherapy. CHART (Continuous Radiation Hyper-fractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy) is a new radiotherapy technique that has fixed from the previous this lung cancer treatment management; it is works by using a high dose of radiotherapy in a short time period.

Lung Cancer Prevention

Smoking is the largest cause and risk factor of lung cancer. So, one of the most thing that can do to prevent lung cancer is stop smoking. By stop smoking, it will reduce the lung cancer risk greatly. But, stop smoking is not a simple matter. For those who are heavy smoker, stop smoking is a very hard deal. To stop smoking habit, many countries that release a guidance to stop smoking in order to prevent the spread of lung cancer. Since, the lung cancer patient keeps increasing every single year and now, the one that endanger lung cancer is not only men. The statistic shows that the increasing of lung cancer patient is far more rapid in women than in men.

Lung Cancer Risk Factor - Previous Lung Disease

For someone who in their life has lung disease at least once, the risk in getting lung cancer is increased slightly. The lung diseases that use for study case are emphysema, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, asthma, pleurisy and tuberculosis. And this is the result from lung cancer risk from previous lung disease.

In these studies, the researcher has provided evidence for increased risk of lung cancer following bronchitis and emphysema and also possibly asthma and tuberculosis. However, most of the studies have been carried out in females and may not be generalize to males. Nevertheless, early studies provided some evidence for increased risk of lung cancer mortality following asthma in males but not females. Despite adjustment for smoking, differing odds ratios have been observed between smokers and non-smokers. The effect of diet, environmental tobacco smoke, time between diagnosis of lung disease and lung cancer, and the lung cancer cell type also need to be more fully examined.

Lung Cancer Risk Asbestos

Asbestos have become part of our life, it is exist among us, and we use it to build our house and many building. Asbestos can cause many types of lung disease, includes lung cancer. There is a synergistic effect between tobacco smoking and asbestos in the formation of lung cancer. In the UK, asbestos accounts for 2–3% of male lung cancer deaths. Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which is often mistaken with lung cancer).

In industrialized country, asbestos exposure is giving 4% to 12% of all lung cancer cases. The death number from asbestos exposure in the UK in 1929 to 1996 was reaching 18,000 for mesothelioma and 1,800 for lung cancer. . In a study of cancer mortality among about 5 100 asbestos factory workers in east London followed for over 30 years since first exposure10, the excess lung cancer to mesothelioma ratio was 1.55:1.

Emphysema Diagnosis

Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lung that primarily causes shortness of breath. Until now, emphysema treatment management that can cure emphysema completely has yet not found.

To detect emphysema there are various ways, but emphysema diagnosis usually confirmed by pulmonary function testing called spirometry. However, other diagnosis also used. To determine if you have emphysema, your doctor is likely to recommend certain tests, including:

Lung Cancer Risk Radon Gas

The main cause and risk factor of lung cancer and most of respiratory diseases are small particles that bring by air. One of them is radon gas.

Radon gas doesn’t have colors and odor, and it is generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which is often found in uranium mining, radon can found in the Earth's crust. Radon has a half-life of 3.8 days and decays into short-lived radioactive isotopes of bismuth, polonium and lead, known as radon progeny or radon daughters. When radon products decays and ionize genetic material that may lead mutations that sometimes turn into cancerous, including lung cancer. Radon gas exposure is the second major cause of lung cancer after smoking.

Smoking Lung Cancer

Smoking is renowned as the main cause of lung cancer, especially cigarettes. 90% of all lung cancer death cases are caused by smoking. In United States, smoking also caused most of lung cancer cases, counting over 80%. It contains more than 50 substances that have dangerous effect for our body, such as; radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Additionally, nicotine appears to reduce our immune system. Despite how smoking can cause a lot of disease including lung cancer, some people still make smoking as lifestyle.

Lung Cancer Surgical Resection for Early Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung surgery is the main treatment for non-small cell lung cancer when it’s in early stage. Lung surgical resection has been shown to have the best treatment result in the best 5 year lung cancer survival rates compared to other non-small cell lung cancer treatment management. Dr Evarts Graham renown for the first doctors that successful pneumonectomy in 1933, since then doctor has developed pneumonectomy to perfect it. From refinements in patient selection, operative techniques and pre-operative management which have translated into better lung cancer survival rates with reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Lung Cancer Surgery

Surgery is a lung cancer treatment that fit to remove the tumor when in early stage (1 or 2). It involves the surgical excision of cancer tissue from the lung. The result of lung surgery often remarkable, however, it not suitable to treat lung cancer late stage that have spread (metastasis). Surgery is mainly use for non-small cell lung cancer treatment.

Lung surgery is not suitable for all patients, such as those who have bad health before surgery. Just like what mention it above, lung surgery is very limit to early stage of lung cancer, the location of tumor and the cell type. Furthermore, the survival rate would be low for patients who have less pulmonary reserve.*

Emphysema Treatment

Emphysema is incurable disease. The treatment focus of prolonging the patient life and increase their quality of life. The most important and the first things to do in emphysema treatment is stop smoking. With this way, emphysema will progression will be slower and patient will be ready in treatment for emphysema.

Emphysema Treatment

Emphysema is also treated by supporting the breathing with:

• Pulmonary rehabilitation
  Pulmonary rehabilitation is the key of emphysema treatment, it can be very helpful to optimize the patient's quality of life and teach the patient how to actively manage his or her care.
  

Small Cell Lung Cancer treatment by stage

Typically, treatment for small cell lung carcinoma is dependent on what stage the cancer is at.

SCLC Stage	Optimal Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment	If not appropriate
Limited Stage	Platinum based chemotherapy (4–6 cycles) combined with thoracic radiotherapy concomitant with first or second cycle Prophylactic cranial irradiation for complete responders	Palliative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy
Extensive Stage	Combination chemotherapy (4–6 cycles) Prophylactic cranial irradiation for complete responders	Symptom control

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer treatment by stage

Lung Cancer Stage	Lung Cancer Treatment option	If not suitabble for treatment option, treat depending on symptoms and performance status
Lung Cancer Stages 1 and 2	Surgical resection	Radical radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy or Palliative management or Observation if not symptomatic
Lung Cancer Stage 3A	Induction chemotherapy Surgical resection and/or Mediastinal radiotherapy or Radical combination chemoradiotherapy	Palliative radiotherapy or chemotherapy or Observation if not symptomatic
Lung Cancer Stage 3B	Radical combination chemo-radiotherapy
Lung Cancer Stage 4	Chemotherapy and Palliative radiotherapy for specific sites of disease (brain, bone pain). Some patients with solitary brain metastases may be suitable for surgical excision	Palliative radiotherapy or Supportive care alone

Small Cell Lung Cancer Staging

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is less common compared to non-small cell lung cancer and comprises up to 25% of all lung cancers. The difference between SCLC and NSCLC is the rapid tumour doubling time and high growth fraction.

Just like non-small cell lung cancer, staging in SCLC play an important role because it guides treatment and helps to predict outcomes. However, the TNM staging system is useless in SCLC because at presentation more than 90% of SCLC have either locally invasive Mediastinal disease or metastases. However, in the few patients who do present with much localized SCLC and undergo surgical resection, the TNM staging system is important.

TNM Staging for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Knowing lung cancer stage is an important part of the assessment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. These patients undergo staging as part of the process of considering prognosis and treatment.

• T Staging (Primary Tumor)
  This staging show how big the tumor is.
  
  

Lung Cancer Staging

Lung cancer staging is important to determine lung cancer treatment and prognosis, it is also the assessment of the degree to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. The more advanced stages of lung cancer indicate a poorer prognosis and are less amenable to treatment.

Lung Cancer Stages

Lung cancer Stage:

• Lung Cancer Stage 0:
• The tumor is still in situ, and not yet become cancerous tumor.
   
  
• Lung Cancer Stage 1A:
• Tumor size is small, only 3 cm or less, it doesn't show any metastasis.
  
  
• Lung Cancer Stage 1B:
• The tumor is bigger (more than 3 cm), but it still not metastasis, yet.
  
  

Lung Cancer Treatment

Lung cancer treatment successful rate may vary depend on various factors. The most important factors are the histopathology (diseased tissue) type of lung cancer and the stage of the cancer. However, these are lung cancer treatment methods that use, such as:

• Surgery
  Surgical removal of the tumor is generally performed for limited-stage (stage I or sometimes stage II) NSCLC and is the treatment of choice for cancer that has not spread beyond the lung.
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation
  Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells. It can be used to treat both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
• Combination lung cancer treatment
  In an attempt to cure or palliate malignant neoplasm’s originating in lung tissue.

Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes

Adenocarcinoma has a vary tumors, and some of histological subtypes are currently recognized:

1. Acinar adenocarcinoma
2. Papillary adenocarcinoma
3. Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma
4. Solid adenocarcinoma with mucin production

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma counts 40% of all lung cancer cases. Unlike small cell lung cancer and squamous cell lung cancer, which both tend to be more centrally located, adenocarcinoma usually is seen in peripheral lung tissue.  The peripheral location of adenocarcinoma in the lungs is due to the use of filters in cigarettes which prevent the larger particles from entering the lung. Generally, adenocarcinomas grow more slowly and form smaller masses than the other subtypes. However, they tend to form metastases widely at an early stage.

Adenocarcinoma also the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers and in people under age 45, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both men and women. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to the lung cancer treatment option.

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Prognosis

Non-small cell lung cancer prognosis depend on the following:

• Lung Cancer Stage
  The size of the tumor and whether the tumor has spread (metastasis) or no.
• Lung Cancer symptoms
  such as coughing or trouble breathing.
• Patient health
  The treatment for lung cancer cannot done if the patient health is not in good condition.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Prognosis

In patients with small cell lung cancer, stage (limited versus extensive) and performance status are essential prognosis factors, and should be documented at diagnosis in every case.

The stage is an essential prognostic factor in small cell lung cancer, but is usually simplified as either limited or extensive. The definitions of these staging terms are not always consistent between institutions, as the distinction limited disease – defined as that which can be encompassed within an ‘acceptable’ radiotherapy field – is dependent on subjective assessment by a radiation oncologist. There is a case to be made for a more objective staging system, perhaps a return to TNM, to better refine prognostic categories and guide treatment. Additional disease related factors include serum LDH and the presence of brain metastases. Performance status is an essential host related actor, with age, sex and weight loss as additional factors.

Lung Cancer Prognosis

Lung cancer prognosis means the chance for cure or prolongation of life (survival). Lung cancer prognosis is depends on upon where the cancer is located, the size of the cancer, the presence of symptoms, the type of lung cancer, and the overall health status of the patient. For patients with inoperable lung cancer, prognosis is adversely affected by poor performance status and weight loss of more than 10%.

Non-small cell lung cancer prognosis include:

• Presence or absence of pulmonary symptoms 
• Tumor location
• The size of tumor
• Lung cancer stage and metastasis to lymph node
• and the overall health status of the patient.

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Types

There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer:

1. Squamous cell lung cancer
   It's counting for 25% of lung cancers, squamous cell lung carcinoma usually starts near a central bronchus. Squamous cell lung cancers often grow more slowly than other cancer types.
2. Adenocarcinoma
   It is counts for 40% of lung cancers. Adenocarcinoma usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have never smoked ("never-smokers"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.
   
   

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is less common compared with non-small cell lung cancer, it comprise 14-25% of all lung cancer. It characterized by small cells that multiply quickly and form large tumors that travel throughout the body. Almost all cases of SCLC are due to smoking.


Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) can distinguished from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by a rapid tumour doubling time and high growth fraction. Small cell lung cancer forms in the central airways in 80–90% of cases. At presentation up to 70% have already metastasized; most commonly to bone, liver, brain, bone marrow, retro-peritoneal lymph nodes, soft tissue and adrenals.

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer counts 75% of all lung cancer. Unlike small cell lung cancer, it grouped altogether because their prognosis and management are similar. There are three subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common of non-small cell lung cancer and counting 40% of all. Adenocarcinoma was previously known as the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both males and females. The reason for the increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma is not well understood, but may be related to changing patterns of smoking. Adenocarcinomas tend to be peripherally located, smaller and vary histological from well-differentiated tumours to solid masses with occasional mucin-producing glands and cells.

Asthma Classification

Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate.[6] Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic).

	Symptoms	Night Symptoms	%FEV1 of Predicted	FEV Variability
Intermittent	more than 1 per week	more than 2 per month	less than 80%	more than 20%
Mild persistent	less than 1 per week but more than 1 per day	less than 2 per month	less than 80%	20–30%
Moderate persistent	Daily	less than 1 per week	60–80%	less than 30%
Severe persistent	Daily	Frequent	more than 60%	less than 30%

Main Article: Lung Disease: Asthma

Pneumonia Diagnosis

For pneumonia that suspected on the basis of a patient's symptoms and findings from physical examination, further investigations are needed to confirm the pneumonia diagnosis. To help getting more helpful information doctor may get it from a chest X-ray and blood tests, and sputum cultures in some cases.

Tuberculosis Risk Factors

Tuberculosis is a common deadly infectious disease. If it's left untreated, tuberculosis will kills more than half of its victims. People who at risk of tuberculosis are:

• Immune system
  People with lower immune system has a higher risk in getting tuberculosis, includes those who consume immunosuppressive drugs or have AIDS. 
• Substance abuse
  Those who using drugs or alcohol for a long period may weaken their immune system and its make the easier getting tuberculosis
• Contact with someone who have tuberculosis

Lung Cancer Diagnosis

Lung cancer is the leading way in cancer death related in men and women. More than one million death worldwide caused by lung cancer every year. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss. However, when lung cancer symptoms shows its already in advance stage.

Usually those who found that they have lung cancer when they do medical check up.Lung cancer is often seen on chest x-ray and CT scan. The diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. This is usually performed via bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy.

Other Pneumonia Types

There are other pneumonia types:

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  SARS is a highly contagious and deadly type of pneumonia which first occurred in 2002 after initial outbreaks in China. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, a previously unknown pathogen.
• Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
  BOOP is caused by inflammation of the small airways of the lungs. It is also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP).
• Eosinophilic pneumonia

Pneumonia Early Classification

Pneumonia can be classified into four main types due to anatomic and/or pathologic appearance of the lung, either its diagnosed by direct inspection at autopsy or by it's appearance under a microscope:

1. A lobar pneumonia is an infection that only involves a single lobe, or section, of a lung. Lobar pneumonia is often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (though Klebsiella pneumoniae is also possible.)
2. Multilobar pneumonia involves more than one lobe, and it often causes a more severe illness.
   

Pneumonia Types & Classification

Pneumonia types can be classified in several ways;

1. Early Classification Pneumonia
• Pathology classification
  Initial descriptions of pneumonia focused on the anatomic or pathologic appearance of the lung, either by direct inspection at autopsy or by its appearance under a microscope. 
• Microbiology classification
  This classification arose when pneumonia know is caused by microorganism.
• Radiology classification

Emphysema Types classification

Emphysema can be classified by its color (primary and secondary), but emphysema is commonly classified by its location.

Emphysema can be subdivided into panacinary and centroacinary (or panacinar and centriacinar, or centrilobular and panlobular).

• Panacinar emphysema (also called panlobular emphysema)
  This emphysema type is related to the destruction of alveoli, because of an inflammation or deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Panacinar emphysema commonly found in young adults who do not have chronic bronchitis. Panacinar emphysema occurs more commonly in the lower lobes, especially basal segments, and anterior margins of the lungs.

Acute Bronchitis and Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchitis classified into two categories:

Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that generally follows an upper respiratory tract infection. As a result of this viral (most common) or bacterial infection, the airways become inflamed and irritated.

Characterized by the development of a cough, with or without the production of sputum, mucus that is expectorated (coughed up) from the respiratory tract. Acute bronchitis often occurs during the course of an acute viral illness such as the common cold or influenza. Viruses cause about 90% of cases of acute bronchitis while bacteria account for less than 10%.

Bronchitis Symptoms - Bronchitis Signs

Bronchitis Symptoms and bronchitis signs:

• Cough
  The most common bronchitis symptoms is cough. The cough may be dry or may produce mucus, either clear or white or thick yellow-grey mucus, although this doesn't always happen. The cough may last for several weeks after other bronchitis symptoms have gone and this may make your chest and abdominal muscles sore. Coughing can be severe enough at times to injure the chest wall or even cause you to pass out.

Bronchitis causes

Bronchitis is an inflammation or obstruction of the bronchi, the larger airways that eventually branch out to become the bronchioles (the site of asthma). It resembles asthma in some ways.

Bronchitis mostly occurs during the cold and flu season, usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection.

• Viruses
  Several viruses cause bronchitis, including influenza A and B, commonly referred to as "the flu."
• Bacteria
  Bacteria that can cause bronchitis is a bacteria called Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes so-called walking pneumonia, also bacteria called Klebsiella, Haemophilus.

Emphysema Symptoms and Signs

People with emphysema, the lung tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lung are destroyed. It is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD (pulmonary refers to the lungs). Emphysema is called an obstructive lung disease because the destruction of lung tissue around smaller airways, called alveoli, makes these airways unable to hold their functional shape upon exhalation.

Asthma Causes - Asthma Risk Factor

Factors that influence the risk of asthma can be divided into those that cause the development of asthma and those that trigger asthma symptoms or both of them. Research shows that asthma is caused by environmental and genetics factors. Some environmental and genetic factors have been confirmed by further research, while others have not been.

Tuberculosis Cause

Tuberculosis mainly caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most of tuberculosis patients are get their illness from another patient. The tuberculosis bacteria spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. It can happen if someone with tuberculosis coughs, speaks or sneezes. Rarely, a pregnant woman with active TB may pass the bacteria to her unborn child.

Although tuberculosis is contagious, it's not especially easy to catch. You're much more likely to get tuberculosis from a family member or close co-worker than from a stranger. Most people with active TB who've had appropriate drug treatment for at least two weeks are no longer contagious.

Tuberculosis Symptoms

People who had tuberculosis may not notice any symptoms of illness until this lung disease in quite advanced. Even then these are tuberculosis symptoms that may shows:

• loss of weight,
• coughing up blood,
• loss of energy,
• poor appetite,
• fever,
• a productive cough for more than 3 weeks,
• and night sweats
  

Pneumonia Symptoms

Pneumonia symptoms need immediate medical evaluation. Physical examination by a health care provider may reveal fever or sometimes low body temperature, an increased respiratory rate, low blood pressure, a high heart rate, or a low oxygen saturation, which is the amount of oxygen in the blood as indicated by either pulse oximetry or blood gas analysis. People who are struggling to breathe, who are confused, or who have cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) require immediate attention.

Pneumonia symptoms can come so suddenly, this kind of pneumonia usually caused by bacteria or people younger than 65. Pneumonia symptoms include:

Asthma Symptoms

Asthma is a serious global health problem. People of all ages in countries throughout the world are affected by this chronic lung disease, when uncontrolled, can place severe limits on daily life and is sometimes fatal. The prevalence of asthma is increasing in most countries, especially among children. Asthma is a significant burden, not only in terms of health care costs but also of lost productivity and reduced participation in family life.

Asthma type can also divide from its symptoms whether the symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). Asthma symptoms may vary depend on its severity, there are asthma common symptoms that most patient more likely had. But, not all asthma patient has all of those symptoms.

Lung Disease; Bronchitis

Bronchitis is one of common lung disease and one of most common lung disease that occur in upper respiratory tract infection. There are two kind of bronchitis, acute and chronic, each of which has unique etiologies, pathologies, and therapies.

1. Acute bronchitis
   It is characterized by the development of a cough, with or without the production of sputum, mucus that is expectorated (coughed up) from the respiratory tract. Acute bronchitis often occurs during the course of an acute viral illness such as the common cold or influenza. Viruses cause about 90% of cases of acute bronchitis while bacteria account for less than 10%.
   

Lung Disease; Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of the lung, caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi

Pneumonia is a common illness among lung disease that occurs in all age. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death among the elderly and people who are chronically and terminally ill. Additionally, it is the leading cause of death in children under five years old worldwide. Pneumonia has caused death to more than 50,000 American each year.

Lung Disease; Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis or TB (short for Tubercles Bacillus) is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.  Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.

Asthma

Asthma is a lung disease that one of the most common chronic disease worldwide. Asthma patient keep increasing each year and mostly among children. During WHO, asthma costs more than HIV and tuberculosis combined.*

Asthma has caused 4,000 death in USA each year, and there are 300 million people diagnosed with asthma worldwide. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role.

Lung Disease; Emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory that caused an enlargement of the air spaces in the lung, causing a decrease in lung function, and often, breathlessness.

Those who had emphysema, their lung need to support the physical shape and function of the lung are destroyed. It is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD (pulmonary refers to the lungs). Emphysema is called an obstructive lung disease because the destruction of lung tissue around smaller airways, called alveoli, makes these airways unable to hold their functional shape upon exhalation.

Lung Disease

There are a lot of lung disease out there, since our surrounding can be the cause of one of lung disease, such as smoke, radon, etc. These are things that we meet daily and almost in everyplace, however, lung disease cause can be come from our own family (genetic), that we cannot avoid it. Some of lung disease are really hard to detect its symptoms since, their symptoms more likely shows when these lung disease already in advance stage. All of this can occur since our lung has 'overbuilt' characteristic, its mean our lung can extent more and have a tremendous reserve volume as compared to the oxygen exchange requirements when at rest.

This is the reason that people can smoke for years without having a noticeable decrease in lung function, and noticeable lung disease. Lung cancer is one of lung disease that kills many people due to its symptoms that shows when its too late.

Lung Cancer Causes

The reason behind why lung cancer a very common cancer among men and women is lung cancer causes are all around us.

Lung cancer causes includes:

1. Lung causes long-term exposure to inhaled carcinogens, especially tobacco smoke.
   Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer that contributes more than 80% of all lung cancer cases. Smoking also the main reason why lung cancer also common in women, and now it even more common than breast cancer. Nowadays trends in smoking among teenagers have increased lung cancer case.
   
   In few decades, smoking trends has increased not only men but also women. That is why lung cancer cases increase each year, even worse, kids also smoking, making lung cancer patient getting younger and younger.
   
   

Lung Cancer Symptoms

Lung Cancer has many symptoms, yet all of them are associated with other illness that has no connection with lung cancer. The bad news is when the symptoms show and worsen, its mean that lung cancer already in advance stage. When lung cancer is in early stage, it’s not shows any symptoms or only shows small symptoms that most people will think it’s just small illness or even ignore it.

What are lung cancer symptoms?

Symptoms that may leads to lung cancer are:

1. Coughing is the most common of lung cancer symptoms that experienced by 75% of patients.
2. Shortness of breath
3. Chest pain or pain in the abdomen
4. Weight loss, fatigue and loss of appetite
5. Hoarseness
6. Difficulty swallowing
7. Coughing up blood
8. Wheezing

Lung Cancer Types

Lung cancer divides into two major types’ non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. This dividing is very important to get the prognosis of lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

From all lung cancer cases about 75% of them are non-small lung cancer. There are three subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common of non-small cell lung cancer and counting 40% of all. Adenocarcinoma was previously known as the most common type of lung cancer in women and non-smokers, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in the last two decades and it is now the most common histological subtype in both males and females. The reason for the increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma is not well understood, but may be related to changing patterns of smoking. Adenocarcinomas tend to be peripherally located, smaller and vary histological from well-differentiated tumours to solid masses with occasional mucin-producing glands and cells.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the major problem in the world, anyone can get lung cancer. Breast cancer may make women thrilling, yet prostate cancer may scare men, even though lung cancer patient not as much as other, but it has caused death more than any cancer.

For years, lung cancer patient keep increasing. For few decades before, majority of lung cancer patient are men, but nowadays lung cancer has increased among women even more than in men. Its all due to past few decades women start smoking and many various habit just like men do.